Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a serious eye condition that affects people with diabetes. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The retina is crucial for vision, as it converts light into signals that the brain interprets as images.
 
There are two main stages of diabetic retinopathy:
 
Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR): In the early stage, small blood vessels in the retina weaken and begin to leak fluid or blood. This may cause the retina to swell (macular edema), leading to blurred vision. As the condition progresses, the blood vessels may become blocked, depriving parts of the retina of blood supply.
 
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR):  In advanced stages, new abnormal blood vessels may grow on the surface of the retina or optic nerve. These vessels are fragile and can leak blood into the vitreous (gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye), causing floaters and severe vision loss if left untreated. Moreover, these vessels can also cause retinal detachment or glaucoma.
 
Diabetic retinopathy often has no early warning signs, so regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and treatment. Management may involve laser treatment to seal leaking blood vessels or injections of medications into the eye to reduce inflammation and inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove blood or scar tissue from the eye.
 
Controlling blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol are essential in preventing or slowing the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Good diabetes management combined with timely eye care can significantly reduce the risk of vision loss from this condition.

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